Researchers Working to Detect CTE in Living Athletes

CHICAGO (AP CHICAGO) - After thousands of hits to his head and confronted with troubling symptoms, NFL Hall of Famer Joe DeLamielleure is sure he has the devastating brain disease CTE - even though the strongest scientific evidence says it can only be diagnosed in the dead.

He is certain because researchers trying to develop a test for CTE have essentially told him so, based on preliminary and unproven results.

The former Buffalo Bills offensive lineman and several other retired players were tested last year at UCLA by researchers who told them changes seen on the scans are consistent with CTE. They were told their brains resemble those of retired players who killed themselves and were diagnosed with CTE during autopsies.

Groups are racing to develop methods to diagnose and eventually treat CTE. Research involving about a dozen more former athletes and others with multiple concussions is expected to be published later this year.

Julian Bailes and co-researchers at UCLA think they're leading the pack with a PET scan technique to detect abnormal brain buildup of a protein called tau. The test involves injecting a special chemical marker that is designed to bind to tau deposits in the brain; those areas light up on the imaging scans.

Their first results in living patients - five former NFL players, including DeLamielleure - were published last year. For many skeptics, including doctors, neuroscientists and researchers working on developing different detection methods, CTE testing in the living is too preliminary to make any kind of diagnosis and raises serious ethical questions. The disease is progressive and can't be cured.

Robert Stern, a scientist with Boston University's Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, has a National Institutes of Health grant to do that kind of research; his team has examined more than 70 former NFL players so far. He said results so far are promising, and medical ethicists have been consulted for guidance on what to tell players about the findings.

To the 62-year-old DeLamielleure, the results are reassuring, offering a potential explanation for his sudden anger, depression and sleeplessness.

"They're absolutely positive I have it. You can see it on the X-ray," DeLamielleure said by telephone from his home in Charlotte, N.C.

"This is a very complex issue, because, No. 1, we don't truly know what many of the tests might mean. No. 2, this is a very vulnerable group of people who are scared to death about seeing their brothers have such significant cognitive and behavioral and mood changes," Stern said.

"There has been so much hype about this issue," he added. "The awareness and the attention to CTE has grown so tremendously in the last three to four years, but it has grown much, much faster than the science could possibly grow. We're still in the early infancy of our scientific knowledge of this disease."

Several former NFL stars have been diagnosed with the disease after death in recent years, including Junior Seau, Dave Duerson and Ray Easterling. All of them had troubling symptoms and committed suicide. Thousands of former players have sued the NFL, claiming the league withheld information about damaging effects of repeated head blows and concussions. DeLamielleure is among them, and he is also among those who have agreed to donate their brains to CTE researchers.

DeLamielleure estimates he endured more than 200,000 head blows during his 13-year NFL career - "dings" that made him see stars but didn't worry him much - until word started spreading about CTE. When he learned last year about the experimental test, DeLamielleure eagerly volunteered.

"When I read what happened to Junior Seau and Dave Duerson - they didn't sleep, had wild mood swings, and shot themselves in the chest - I wanted to know what I was going through before something happened," he said.

There is much that isn't known about CTE, including why some athletes with a history of head blows never get dementia or other debilitating symptoms, who is most prone and whether genes or other health conditions increase the risk. Some of the symptoms occur in many people who never played contact sports, and in other diseases, including Alzheimer's.

And some of the symptoms in former NFL stars may have nothing to do with head blows.

Leonard Glantz, a bioethicist at Boston University's School of Public Health, said CTE tests in the living should be billed as experimental and that participants should understand they are research subjects, not patients.

"You don't want anyone making predictions about what their life is going to be like based on these" experimental procedures, he said. He contends the results won't be valid unless they can be duplicated in large studies done by scientists with no financial stake in the research.

The test method used on DeLamielleure and others is owned by UCLA and licensed to TauMark LLC, a company in Wheeling, W.Va. UCLA researcher Dr. Gary Small has a financial interest in the company, a UCLA spokeswoman said.

The test is not commercially available but it likely will be "in the near future," the company's website says. Company representatives did not return calls and emails seeking more information.

DeLamielleure said he wasn't told about UCLA's financial stake, but it doesn't surprise him.

Bailes said he worked with TauMark previously but has no financial ties to the company. He said "it's ludicrous" to imply that it's unethical for researchers to have a financial interest in drugs or procedures they develop.

He acknowledged that the tau test results need to be replicated, but added, "We are at this stage confident that the changes seen on PET scanning are consistent in location and density with CTE."

Players involved requested their results "along with the best interpretation of what the findings represent," Bailes said. "Many individuals desire to know if they are predisposed or confirmed to have abnormalities so that they can take whatever steps possible to mitigate or reduce the long-term detrimental effects."

DeLamielleure said based on his test results, the researchers recommended a healthy diet and supplements including fish oil.

Many retired football players are likely interested in having their brains tested, guys like the Hall of Famers DeLamielleure gets together with sometimes for conversations that often turns to symptoms .

"You talk privately, 'How do you feel? Do you get depressed? Yeah, I get depressed for no reason,"' he said. "Or you snap, just get upset for no reason at all."

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AP Sports writer Jim Litke contributed to this story.

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AP Medical Writer Lindsey Tanner can be reached at http://www.twitter.com/LindseyTanner