March Madness brings excitement, upsets and intense debates about which teams deserve a spot in the NCAA Division I Men's and Women's Basketball Championships. One of the most talked-about topics leading up to Selection Sunday is the "bubble."
But what exactly does it mean to be "on the bubble," and how does it impact the tournament field?
What does "on the bubble" mean in college basketball?
A bubble team, while not an official term used by either basketball committee, is one that has not secured an automatic bid by winning its conference tournament and is among the teams being considered for some of the final at-large bids.
Remember: There are only 37 at-large bids for the Division I Men's and Women's Basketball Championships.
For the Division I basketball tournaments, their respective committees evaluate these teams based on multiple factors, including NET rankings, quadrant records, strength of schedule and much more.
Learn more about the NCAA tournament selection criteria.
Understanding the bubble: Last four in and first four out
When the full 68-team fields are revealed on Selection Sunday, two groups are often referred to as the bubble teams for both men's and women's basketball: the last four in and the first four out.
Last four in
These are the final four teams receiving an at-large bid on the committee's seed list. These teams must play in the First Four games in Dayton, Ohio, (men's tournament) or as part of the First Four at select top-16 host sites (women's tournament).
First four out
These are the top four teams that just miss the cut for an at-large bid. They are often one or two key wins away from making the tournament but fall just short in the eyes of the committees based on their comprehensive evaluations. Depending on how conference tournaments unfold in the days and weeks before Selection Sunday, these teams can move from in the field to out of the field due to "bid stealers" — teams that unexpectedly win their conference tournaments to earn an at-large bid. (More on bid stealers below.)
How does a team get off the bubble?
Teams in both men's and women's basketball can improve their chances of making the field by enhancing their overall resumes:
1. Earning quality wins
- Beating quality teams strengthens a team's at-large case.
- Quadrant 1 wins are valued by the selection committees.
2. Avoiding bad losses
- Losing to teams in Quadrant 4 can severely damage a bubble team's case.
- For women's basketball, bad losses are one of 11 team selection criteria/priorities for the committee.
3. Strong conference tournament performance
- A deep run in the conference tournament can push a bubble team into the field. (Reminder: Quadrant 1 games for neutral sites are against teams ranked 1-50 for men's basketball and 1-35 for women's basketball. However, it's important to note that while conference tournament games are a great way to enhance your resume, those games carry no added weight than games played earlier in the season.
- Winning the conference tournament championship guarantees an automatic bid.
Learn more about the NET and how it is used in NCAA tournament selections.
Bid stealers and their impact
A "bid stealer" is a team that would not receive an at-large selection to the NCAA tournament but wins its conference tournament to earn an automatic bid. A recent example: The NC State men's basketball team in 2024 won the Atlantic Coast Conference to secure a bid, then made an incredible run to the Final Four.
Bid stealers don't just affect brackets — they also impact bubble teams.
If an unexpected team wins its conference tournament, that team claims an automatic bid — which essentially removes an at-large spot from the field.
Example scenario:
- A team not being considered for an at-large bid by the committees unexpectedly wins its conference tournament.
- This can in essence eliminate an at-large bid if the bid stealer beats a team in the conference title game that will still receive an at-large bid. In this scenario, the losing team would have been slotted as an automatic qualifier otherwise.
Final thoughts: The drama of the bubble
For bubble teams in both men's and women's basketball, March is filled with uncertainty and drama. Every win, loss and upset can alter their tournament chances.
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